War for Independence

Waging War for Independence (1764 – 1783) Stephanie Maharaj History 1301 Antrece Baggett October 12, 2012 The thirteen colonies moved from peaceful resistance to outright war against the British government’s â€Å"reform† programs of new taxes and regulations during the period of (1764-1783). These new programs had a significant impact on the people of the colonies, and caused a great uproar. Protests broke out, and eventually the American Revolution came into the picture.I will explain some of the reasons colonists rebelled against the new reform programs, the roles African Americans played during the American Revolution, how the patriots achieved the unity needed to wage the War for Independence, and the impact the American Revolution had on the Native Americans. First, I will start with the opposition the colonists had when it came to the Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts. Unlike the Molasses Act which benefited the people of the colonies, the new acts imposed o n them were just a burden and quite unfair. The Sugar Act came about during the time that George Grenville was appointed as first minister.His responsibility was to solve the debt crisis they were facing. Since the British at home were highly taxed, Grenville’s solution was to tax the Americans since he felt they benefited from the war. Needless to say, the Sugar Act was primarily to raise revenue rather than regulate trade. The Sugar Act eliminated the sugar trade between the Continental colonies and the French and Spanish. This angered the colonists along with the newly added Currency Act which forbade the colonies from issuing paper money, thus creating a shortage of currency.Next came the Stamp Act which provoked an even greater storm of protest. The law departed entirely from the confines of mercantilist policy. Parliament just wanted to raise internal revenue so that they could use that money to pay troops in the colonies. The colonists were extremely infuriated because for them this meant that they had to purchase stamps for official documents and published papers, which included a multitude of items. All publications and transactions were subject to this special tax. To make matters worse, the colonists were only permitted to in specie.They habitually used paper money and credit instead of the scarce gold and silver. One of the groups of people involved in the American Revolution was the African American group. Lord Dunmore, royal Governor of Virginia, declared all indented servants, Negroes, or others (owned by rebels) free, that were able and willing to bear arms and join His Majesty’s Troops. The blacks were divided into two specific groups: the free blacks and slaves. The British wanted to disrupt and weaken the colonists so that’s why they offered the southern slaves emancipation.The Whigs considered this foul play and as a consequence they increased slave patrols and warned of harsh punishments to those who ran away or took u p arms against their masters. The penalty for slave rebellion was death. Although threatened, the African Americans still aided the British by joining the army and employing their firsthand knowledge of the Chesapeake Bay. Some served as pilots along its tributaries; others delivered fresh provisions to the British ships by foraging plantations at night. African Americans certainly played a role within the American Revolution, but they received little welcome from the Whigs.When the Americans created an army from volunteer forces besieging Boston, they excluded slaves and even free blacks from participating. The patriots achieved the unity they needed to wage the War for Independence because of the British Government’s constant restrictions and need to be in control. The British expected the Coercive Acts to isolate Boston and convince other provinces to be obedient, but instead all the acts did was push the Americans toward unity. The patriots knew they had to work together to even stand a chance at breaking away from Britain’s overbearingness.Their unity grew even stronger when the British government sent General Cage to take forceful action. His method of doing that was attempting to seize the patriot’s stores of food and ammunition at Concord which he learned about from an informer. Militant Bostonians had spies that ended up discovering Gage’s plan, and they were ready to spread the alarm. This is the moment the patriots stood as â€Å"one† unit. It didn’t matter that they were not finished being trained and were unprepared. They all came out to fight, and they fought for all the same basic reasons.There were numerous battles that were yet to come, but this was the start of the patriot’s unity. Eventually all of the battles/wars led to drafting of the Declaration of Independence, which some people believe to be the ultimate reason the patriots achieved the unity they needed to wage the war for independence. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and set forth Congress’s reasons for separating from the government George III; the revolutionaries focused on the king’s offenses because they had already denied the sovereignty of Parliament.The Native Americans were also another group impacted by the American Revolution. Many took the side of the Americans but the majority sided with the British and assisted them in this revolution. Native Americans believed the Americans were more of a direct threat to them because they lived on the continent and would immediately â€Å"take the land†. Native Americans assimilated, and adopted new norms and customs of white America. The result of the American Revolution was a win for the American Whigs. They were finally able to create a new government and not be ruled by a king or anyone of nobility.Unfortunately for the Native Americans, the new government gave them the short end of the stick. They got exactl y what they were afraid of, and that was their land being at stake. Their land rights were not respected. As it is evident, the colonies tried to maintain some sort of composure and not have to resort to violence with the British Government. They quickly transitioned from this peaceful resistance to outright war because the British Government kept intervening in their lives and trying to have control of every aspect of it.When things got out of hand, the American Revolution took place and it impacted everyone including: the African Americans, Native Americans, the British, and etc. The result of the war for independence was success for the patriot’s and since many Native Americans sided with and assisted the British, their outcome was losing what they feared most. They’re land was not respected and they had no control over that. Works Cited Edward Ayers, Lewis Gould, David Oshinsky, and Jean Soderlund. â€Å"American Passages 4th Edition : A History of the United Stat es. No. 4 (2009): 1-170

Is Herodotus the father of History or the father of lies? Essay

In Evaluating whether Herodotus was a Historian or an extremely charismatic storyteller, we must not look at Herodotus â€Å"The Histories† through a modern judgmental eye but rather through one of a person that should be fascinated that a man called himself an â€Å"inquirer† ,about a world that was filled with so much unknowns of which he discovered more of everyday. Herodotus distinguishes to his readers the mere fact that his whole life’s work could very well be continuous tale of foe and disillusion or a series of facts encrypted in his narratives about the era and events that surrounded him but all he did was simply keep a record of what people had told him and things he had afterwards investigated â€Å"I am obliged to report stories that come my way but in no way inclined to believe them. â€Å"However this also gives reason for modern historians to clash on whether Herodotus could be held liable for his legitimacy as a historian (even if the word originally meant an inquiry, exactly what Herodotus claims to have been doing)and the authenticity of his sources even if through them he has given us a further insight to the Hellenic Period. Nevertheless to accuse a person of falsity one must not only look at world’s Herodotus has perhaps created but his time in the one he actually lived in. Although little is known about Herodotus life other the fact he was born in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor and that must have been from the upper class since he had the financial capability to travel, many things can be inferred about his personality and therefore the credibility of his writing. What is clear is his curiosity about past events and different culture’s tradition all of which Herodotus wanted to learn firsthand not just by reading but rather experiencing them first hand either by visiting distant lands such as Egypt where they occurred but also by hearing about them from as many people who had lived through them themselves, only to conclude and form his own opinion. Being the first of his kind to actually research his material and question it and use a variety of different sources to create it, Herodotus having the claim to the title â€Å"Father of History† it can only assume he is worthy of it, being a pioneer and revolutionary of his era and paved the way for future inquirers to learn from his methods and investigate events, just so. Herodotus begins with a monumental phrase of his pure intentions â€Å"so that human achievement’s may not become forgotten in time and some great and marvelous deeds-some displayed by Greeks, some by barbarians-may not be without their glory; â€Å"and to discover some reasoning on the origins of why battles began â€Å"show why two people fought with each other†. He initially presented his work in oral theatrical manner to an audience of Greeks in Greece. Presented to an audience who is much unlike a reader preferences in the sense that all an audiences wishes is to be entertained rather than informed and educated. Herodotus toured Greek cities mainly during festivals, and gave personal performances to Greek audiences then got payed in return. Thefore some over dramatic elements of his writing can only be due to his attempt to captivate his audience. After Herodotus passed away editors separated his life’s work Histories into nine books. The first five books look into the past to try to explain the rise and fall of the Persian Empire. They describe the geographical elements of each state the Persians conquered and gives us insight on their customs. Herodotus uses phrases such as â€Å"according to the Persian account† to show that the Greeks probably had a different way of viewing the same event (in this case on how Io came to Egypt in Book One). The following four books is the story of the war itself, consisting of the invasions of Greece by Persian emperors Darius and Xerxes to the Greek victories at Salamis, Plataea and Mycale in 480 and 479 B. C. Herodotus work parallels mythology, and at numerous times gives mythological accounts. Mythology basically are stories based on an altered version of truth and accompanied by a vast development in imagination and creatitivy. Most of Herodotus narratives are identified as mythological which is problematic in essence. A prime example is Herodotus in his first passage in The Histories where he narrates a century old tale of Lydian Royalty and how it came to be that Lydian monarchy changed from the family of the reigning king Candaules and fell into the hands of his servant Gyges. The story has a natural appeal to any audience due to one of Herodotus’s main theme revenge and other factors such as his use of violence â€Å"one of you must die; either my husband, the author of the wicked plot; or you, who have outraged propriety by seeing me naked† , whether this story has any truth in it, it will be definitely be disregarded due to the tale being as old as it is and even if it had not been subject to neighborhood gossip, whatever source had told him the story must have been extremely well informed to know the specific details on what happened in exclusive parts of society. Thucydides who relied mainly only factual evidence and criticized Herodotus for just this greatly and for his aimless storytelling and insertion of fables in his narratives. Another landmark in Herodotus narratives is his use of oracles and their pivotal determining role not only to influence decisions but also to instill fear into obedience â€Å"not even the terrifying warnings of the oracle at Delphi† and the focus on the significance to powerful individuals for instance, according to Herodotus, one of the oracles given to the Athenians during the Persian invasion of 480 B.C. was â€Å"the wooden wall only shall not fall, but help you and your children). While some Athenians interpreted this literally that the prophecy referred to the survival of the Athenian Acropolis from destruction, others thought the â€Å"wall of wood† as ships. However, the latter interpretation failed to make sense of the last two lines of the prophecy, â€Å"Blessed Salamis, you will be the death of mothers’ sons, When the corn is scattered, or the harvest gathered in†. It was interpreted that if the Athenians were to engage the Persians in a naval battle, they were destined to lose. Despite this unfavorable omen, an Athenian commander called Themistocles decided to dismiss the oracle by arguing that if the Athenians were doomed, the tone of the oracle would have â€Å"not have been expressed in such mild language†. The Athenians were convinced, perhaps not by Themistocles’ interpretation, but by the fact that it would be better to fight the Persians, rather than not do anything, as seemingly suggested by the Oracle. The Athenians gained a decisive victory over the Persians, and was the turning point of the second Persian invasion of Greece. However After one Xerxes has a â€Å"terrifying† Dream Artabanus is portrayed to give revolutionary advice to Xerxes that â€Å"dreams do not come from god† but rather â€Å"what we have been thinking about during the day† even if ultimately it was decided that vision seen in Xerxes dream was godsent. Naturally along with his ability to dramatize and over emphasize Herodotus also has a Proathenian Bias and presents a less laudable side of Sparta and their imperialist inclinations such as Sparta’s early attempts to conquer Tegea and Cleomenes I attacking Argos where Herodotus reports that a large proportion of Argive infantry (6000 men) were killed in the conflict although the city itself was not taken and Argos who was once a worthy opponent of Sparta now â€Å"was left so short of men, that the management of town affairs fell into the hands of the slaves†. To answer the question whether Herodotus is The father of Histories or the father of lies one must first understand the significance of Herodotus work and not dismiss any accuracy, we do know exists such as how many Persians and Athenians where killed in the battle of Marathon. Even If the facts are hidden beneath layers of captivating storytelling and gossip this does not give reason for Herodotus to be a fabricator of events . His technique in collecting and examining evidence is primitive and thus his title of Father of History is not one that should be altered.

Change

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to switch places with your mom? Or what losing your job would be like? In the summer of 2014 I faced both of these problems. I had just started caddying and was not looking forward to it but, I had just my parents saw it as more than a jobit was a learning experience. I would do anything to avoid going to work even when my parents encouraged me. As an only child my parents always put me first but, when one of them needed me I put everything aside because family comes first. In 2014 my mom fell from a 20 foot ladder. She broke her pelvis and shattered her wrist from the impact of the fall. She was put into a hospital and needed to get surgery for both of her injuries. My dad stayed with her for as long as he could but had to work so I took care of my mom. I had to go to the hospital two times a day to check in on her and see if she needed anything. The situation was very awkward for me because for the first time my mom and I had switched roles. At the time I was happy to take care of my mom because it was an excuse for me not to go to work. For my job you have to be in the top 100 in order to come back the next year. In the back of my head I knew that I was not going to make that because of the situation I had on my hands. After the year had ended I had found out I didnt take the top 100. My parents were disappointed that I did not make the list but where more proud that I had helped my mom when she needed it. The next year my mom talked to my boss and told him why I didnt make the list. He was very understanding and gave me my job back. The next summer when I got back to work I was extremely motivated to make my parents proud and succeed in my job. I worked hard the entire year finished in the top 100 and even received a promotion. As a kid, I didnt realize how important it was tohave a flexible well paying job. My parents always set me up for success and when I was little I was not able to recognize that. By putting everything aside during the situation I was able to learn valuable life lessons along with important things about myself. I learned that no matter what happens in life family always come first and that you never know how someone feels until you walk in their shoes. I took for granted what my mom had always done for me because I thought it was just what she was supposed to do. After I took care of her for that summer I realized how hard she worked to suit my every need no matter how hard the task. I learned that I am hardworking and when I put my mind to something im devoted to do it to the best of my a bilities. The situation helped me to evolve into the person that I have become and at the same time show me that family is the most important thing in life. Spending the time with my parents during a time of hardship brought us closer then we had ever been. I was able to make them proud because of my actions regarding the accident and how I bounced back in life stronger than ever. Not only did I learn things about myself but my family learned that no matter the situation we can always count on one another.

Security as a management or technological issue Essay - 1

Security as a management or technological issue - Essay Example 11-24, 2009). Due to such significance and impact of security issues, a number of experts have been carrying out researches to identify loopholes in the systems. However, such researches (Azari, pp. 20-41, 2003) have resulted in the commencement of new debate or two different perspectives regarding the issue of security in organisations, as some experts promote consideration of security as a management issue, whereas, some encourage its deliberation as a technical or technological issue. In specific, this paper will attempt to evaluate the security issue from different perspectives, and will endeavor to recognise its existence from either perspective. In order to understand the security issue, it is imperative to understand the processes of organisations and information systems, and for such purpose, understanding of a cell will be valuable. In specific, every cell in the humans exists for a particular purpose, and for accomplishing the task, cells utilise the environment as an input, and this cycle continues in a constant manner throughout a human life. In this regard, it is an understanding that environment or surroundings in the form of organs play a greater and influential role in success of different cells in the body. It is the case with IT systems, as well as business processes in which, environment plays an imperative role in the success of organisation, and similarly, in the success of IT systems. Moreover, after the globalisation, organisations are now in connection to the environment due to introduction of technological systems in different business processes that now are very crucial during various business decisions and policies of organisations. Internet is an obvious example of such position of organisations that have now become a part of a larger technology network (Azari, pp. 81-84, 2003). A few decades ago, internet access was not an

Majoritarian vs. Consensus Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Majoritarian vs. Consensus Democracy - Essay Example two, I consider the Majoritarian model to be most applicable and closer in theoretical intent to democracy than the Consensus model but I would be neglecting my prime duties if I do not say that the Consensus model is more applicable in the real world and it the system to which I would give my vote if there was ever an election between the two theories. The first thing to be noted about democracy, as it is presented by Dahl (1956) is that it is â€Å"a state of affairs† (Pg, 50). It is not considered primarily a system of government or even a way of life since democracy has several prerequisites in terms of the level of civilization which a particular group of people must have before they can implement democracy. Perhaps that is why history records an age of kings before the time of the elected philosopher kings was recommended by social scientists. A certain level of sophistication in terms of culture and the way of life is an essential requirement for the establishment of democracy. In fact, this level of social sophistication is so important that it has been suggested that â€Å"The first and crucial variables to which political scientists must direct their attention are social and not constitutional† (Dahl 1956, Pg. 31). The problem comes into play when we notice that the demands of a truly democratic system can only be met by only a few countries. Very few cultures can lay a rightful claim to a Majoritarian model since the prerequisites are so high. On the same page, Dahl makes the observation that: â€Å"To say that perfect attainment of political equality and popular sovereignty is, by definition of terms, consistent only with the majority principle is not to enunciate a wholly useless proposition, but neither is it very helpful.† (Dahl 1956, Pg. 31) The Majoritarian model depends on several things which must be present in a system before such a democracy can be established. The first requirement is a mass participation in politics by people who know how

Living on campus and living off campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living on campus and living off campus - Essay Example Living on campus was really fun as I stayed in one of the best dormitories on campus. I had the opportunity of living with students in my class as some of them lived in my dormitory. I live far from campus due to the accommodation problems in the city and I do not have the opportunity of living close to my fellow colleagues. Life off campus was really good socially as I had the freedom to jive as I wanted to, which would not have been possible if I was still staying on campus. Living on campus really benefited my academics as I would easily interact with my lecturers and fellow students. When I was living on campus, we usually organized a discussion class, where we shared knowledge and ideas on some courses taught in class. This is not possible living off campus as there are no students around me, not to talk of organizing a discussion class. Now that I live off campus, I have to go to the campus when I need some vital materials for my course and this has not made my academic experience worthwhile. Living on campus has benefited me more academically than living off campus. Though, I now have privacy staying off campus as I know that there is nobody watching my steps, but the fact remains that there is distraction living off campus, which was not the case when I was living on campus. The primary aim of everybody that lived on campus was their academics, but students that lived off campus had different aims and motives. For me to achieve academic success living off campus, I have to wade off these distractions and concentrate more on my studies. I now have to deal with the problem of paying the bills of social utilities off campus as I was not bothered by these problems when I was living on campus. I would say from my experience that life off campus has been more interesting than life on campus and would want to go back to living on campus if I have the opportunity. But I have also

Lesson plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lesson plans - Research Paper Example The teacher reviews the previous lesson on presenting data in tabular form. All charts will be written in poster paper using markers. 4. The groups present their data in class while the teacher facilitates the discussion. The students must be able to articulate the steps that they did to arrive at the answer, as well as the operation(s) that they performed. All the groups keep their charts on the board. 5. The teacher then consolidates all the findings in one singe table. Students are encouraged to fill in the table on the board using the data from the different groups. The same questions asked in the groups will be asked in class. The teacher rehearses the steps in problem solving: Question, Given Facts, Operation(s), Solution and Conclusion. 6. The teacher introduces how to make graphical presentations of the data. She gives two examples and then asks the students to fill out a worksheet of an empty chart based on the consolidated data presented. At the end, they have to write sentences about the chart : â€Å"In a class there were 10 students who ran the mini-track in 3 minutes. Elvi ran 7 rounds. She ran the most number of rounds. Anthony ran 2 rounds. He ran the least number of rounds. How many more rounds did Elvi ran than Anthony?† The teacher asks the students to identify given facts that are not necessary to solving the problem. After, one student will be asked to answer the problem. The teacher emphasizes the need to understand the comparative nature of the problem and the consequent operation(s) required. Illustrations maybe used to help some students understand the problem. 9. Teachers then gives paired work with more challenging problems. Teacher ensures that each student have an equal opportunity to work out the answers. High ability students can be paired with low ability students. Teacher must also go around the groups and draw out answers from students with low ability. S/he models

The Value of Life Coaching in Uncertain Economic Times Article

The Value of Life Coaching in Uncertain Economic Times - Article Example In fact, everyone tries to maximize his or her benefits at the expense of others since the resources available for the affluent metropolitan lifestyle of the middleclass are scarce and costly. How could one achieve things and conquer life without compromising on lifestyle and personal affluence Once again, the world is facing a financial recess with all its severities and retrogressive effects on the lives of the hard-working people from around the world as it occurred at the time of the Great Depression. Share markets are collapsing. National economies are being bankrupted. The employed looses his/her job on one fine morning and finds nothing for subsistence and survival. How could one still think of a successful career and what could be done for guaranteeing a life with dignity The sophisticated efforts of human resource development that aims to address the complexities life in twenty first century has led to the spawning of innovations such as life coaching. Life coaching enables one to churn one's own life in difficult times with the help of a trained professional as it becomes necessary to 'born again' in order to fight back against the vicissitudes of life in the new millennium. Life coaching not only brings about changes in ones life that could provide him with a place in the class of the fittest that are capable of survival but also empower the trained to sustain such desired changes. Life coaching enhances both physical and mental capabilities and potentials in order to make one competent enough to be successful in all the spheres of life ranging from material to spiritual. Therefore, eminent theorists such as Zeus and Skiffington define life coaching as 'structured and process-driven relationship between a trained professional and an individual to achieve valuable and sustainable changes in life'. Life coaching as a tool of self-realization in this world is designed to assist persons who want to become No.1s at multiple arenas of life such as career, education, relationships, status, health and happiness. It is important to note that life coaching is sought after by professionals and white-collar employees who always seek to go beyond where they are actually placed in and acquire skills that they presently do not have. Significantly, life coaching does not see life in its parts but validates it as something qualitatively and quantitatively greater than its parts. The strength of life coaching lies in the fact that it is a holistic approach towards solving difficult problems in life. One cannot solve the problems s/he encounters at one particular field of life alone since living difficulties are interrelated and interdependent. Therefore, life coaching advocates a combination of techniques and solutions while encountering a particular hardship in life. To be precise, life coac hing is not merely solving one or another problem faced by a person but reforms and renovates a person and redefines his/her existence. One who undergoes such an experience will not be infested by the residues of the 'old' life but will be radiating with the energies of new life. One who gets life coaching could substantially alter his/her abilities, attitudes, values, emotions, and aspirations. Thus, a change from within would lead the person to emancipation and empowerment in the social setting s/he is happened

Quantitative Easing - Decreasing Interest Rates Research Paper

Quantitative Easing - Decreasing Interest Rates - Research Paper Example The practice is entirely different from the usual approach of purchasing and selling government bonds to maintain a targeted market interest rate. It must be emphasized that a central bank uses new electronically created money for the purchase of financial assets in order to implement quantitative easing policy. This practice is helpful for increasing excess bank reserves which in turn may lower yields. The ultimate goal of the quantitative easing policy is to cut down long-term interest rates so as to stimulate economic activities. For this purpose, monetary authorities purchase financial assets of longer maturity and thereby reduce long-term interest rates on the yield curve. In addition, the tool of quantitative easing is very helpful to ensure that inflation rate does not fall below the targeted level. This paper will analyze the pros and cons of quantitative easing and will discuss whether the Fed has a choice of using this tool in a highly recessionary economy. Benefits of Quan titative Easing As Elliott (2009) purports, the unconventional quantitative easing monetary policy may assists banks to keep excess reserves with them and hence to lend largely to businesses and individual borrowers. In turn, businesses will use these additional funds to finance productive activities including infrastructure development and R&D. Similarly, individual borrowers will use this new fund for their day to day activities or investment purposes. This will ensure effective circulation of money throughout the economy. Hence, these increased economic activities will certainly assist the economy to come out of stagnation and stimulate economic growth. Since this monetary tool is helpful to keep the inflation at a moderate level, it assists regulators to prevent the economy from falling into deflationary conditions. According to Kollewe (as cited in the guardian, 2009), US, UK, and Japan are very much interested in quantitative easing policies as a way to stabilize economic grow th. The writer points out that the US was the first country which used quantitative easing as a response to its recessionary conditions. According to International Monetary Fund, the major developed countries that deployed the quantitative easing policy since the beginning of the 21st century were less affected by the 2008 global financial crisis as compared to other industrially developed economies. During the 2008 global financial crisis, it has been identified that the quantitative easing boosted the financial markets by adding liquidity. A weaker currency that amplified export demand is also identified to be one of the major desirable side effects of quantitative easing policy. To a certain extent, the quantitative easing technique has assisted economies to diminish unemployment rate. While analyzing the US economy, it is obvious that this unconventional monetary tool has played a crucial role in the economy in overcoming the dreadful impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis. As per the report of Hermansson (2010), economists hold the view that US’ entire budget deficit would be funded for a fiscal year, if the quantitative easing has been set as high as $1 trillion. In order to take advantages of the quantitative easing policy, the Fed used the returns of previous bond purchases to acquire new long-term financial assets in 2010.  

Promise and peril Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Promise and peril - Essay Example The article also notes there are challenges in implementing pay-for-performance programs by managers. One of such is seen on the negative impact on motivation, self-esteem, teamwork, and creativity (Beer, and Cannon 4). The second challenge is that the program may lead the employee to forego other things that would help the organization in pursuit of rewards. Merit has also been shown not to be based on performance. The proponent of the program believes the challenges can be overcome through intelligent design of the program (Beer, and Cannon 4). The article also highlights the role played by managers in pay for performance programs. The article notes managers may opt for adoption, modification, or discontinuation of the programs (Beer, and Cannon 13). The article shows reasons for managers coming up with any of the decision. One influence for decision is on pragmatic commitment to finding ways of improving performance (Beer, and Cannon 13). Their goals are just driven by ensuring there is an improvement in performance but not just desire to apply the new programs. They also viewed the new tool as a combination of other tools that could be used in solving some of the challenge they face. Moreover, failure to gain result of the new tool makes manager adopts other traditional tools. Such tools include close supervision, clear goals, coaching, and training (Beer, and Cannon 13). The manager’s view these tools as being fundamental in management hence change of decision. Additionally, the manager viewed the new program as requiring more time to implement and attracted difficulties in setting performance standards. The new program has been viewed as advantageous. However, it faces the challenges of implementation by

Salient Features of Juvenile Justice Act, 2006 Essay Example for Free

Salient Features of Juvenile Justice Act, 2006 Essay The first central legislation on Juvenile Justice was passed in 1986, by the Union Parliament, providing a uniform law on juvenile justice for the entire country. Prior to this law each state had its own enactment on juvenile justice with there being differences in the way juveniles were treated by different state legal systems. The Juvenile Justice Act was thus passed to provide care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of neglected or delinquent juveniles and for the settlement of certain matters related to and disposition of delinquent juveniles There are certain guiding principles which need to be adhered to in the administration of juvenile justice and they form the basis on which the Act and the Rules are formed. The juvenile justice functionaries should abide by the following fundamental principles in order to understand the Act, interpret according to the situation in which the child is taken into custody and most importantly contribute to better and effective implementation of the Act. They are basically drawn from all the national and international standards pertaining to children wherein a strong impetus is given to the fulfillment and protection of the child’s rights. Emphasis is also laid on reintegration of the child into the family system to ensure proper care and protection from all kinds of exploitative situations Principles to be followed in administration of the rules: Principle of presumption of innocence Principle of dignity and worth Principle of Right to be heard: Principle of Best Interest: Principle of family responsibility: Principle of Safety (no harm, no abuse, no neglect, no exploitation and no maltreatment): Positive measures to promote well being of the child, reduce vulnerabilities and aim at development of child’s identity : Principle of non-stigmatizing semantics, decisions and actions: Principle of non-waiver of rights: Principle of equality and non-discrimination: Principle of right to privacy and confidentiality: Principle of last resort: Principle of repatriation and restoration: Principle of Fresh Start When these principles are adhered to in letter and spirit, it would certainly ensure that every child who comes into contact with the JJ System is assured safety, care, protection and justice. History of Juvenile Justice Legislations in India since 1986 and their specific provisions: 1. Juvenile Justice Act 1986 ï‚ · JJ Act was enacted in pursuance of the Beijing Rules 1985, prior to the CRC Definition of juvenile or child – 16 years for boys and 18 years for girls Children were categorized as delinquent juveniles and neglected juveniles Both categories of children were kept in an Observation Home together pending inquiry Juvenile Welfare Board was formed to deal with the neglected juveniles and the Juvenile Court was the adjudicating authority for the delinquent juvenile The neglected juveniles were in the Juvenile Home and the delinquent juveniles to the Special Home The Government of India ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1992 thereby making it expedient to adhere to the standards prescribed in the Convention. Hence, the 1986 JJ Act had to be reviewed and changes had to be made in order to secure the best interest of the child and focus on social re-integration of the child without resorting to judicial proceedings. The JJ Act 1986 was repealed and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 was passed taking into consideration all the International standards prescribed as per the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985 (Beijing Rules), The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency called the Riyadh Guidelines, 1990 and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (1990) 2. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 The Title of the Act stresses on the need for care and protection to both categories of children Uniform age for both boys and girls – any child who has not completed the age of 18 fall within the jurisdiction of the Act to comply with the CRC definition of the child Separation of child in need of care and protection and child in conflict with law Constitution of Child Welfare Committees to deal with children in need of care and protection and Juvenile Justice Boards to handle children in conflict with law The category of children in need of care and protection has been expanded to include victims of armed conflict, natural calamity, civil commotion, child who is found vulnerable and likely to be inducted into drug abuse More legal protection assured for the child in conflict with law – detention to be resorted to as the last option, disqualification of past records and privacy maintained The innovation the law makes with respect to children in need of care and protection is the conceptualization of restoration of the child as being the focal point, with restoration being conceptualized as restoration to parents, adopted parents or foster parents. (Sec39). The law outline four options of restoration for children in children’s homes and special homes which include adoption, foster care, sponsorship and after care 3. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2006 The JJ Act 2000 was subsequently amended and hereafter referred to as the Principal Act The Amendment Act brought about 26 amendments which are in force This Act forms the legal system and framework for the care, protection, treatment and rehabilitation of children of both categories i. The Objective of the Act: To Lay Down A Legal Structure For The Juvenile Justice System In The Country To Provide A Special Approach To The Protection And Treatment Of Juveniles To outline the machinery and infrastructure required for the care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of juveniles To establish norms and standards for administration of juvenile justice To establish linkages and co-ordination between the formal system of juvenile justice and voluntary efforts in the welfare of juveniles To constitute special offences in relation to juveniles and provide punishment. ii. Salient features of JJA: 1. a. The Act known as ‘The Reformatory Act’ deals with two categories of children, namely children in need of care and protection and children in conflict with the law. b. The competent authority to deal with children in need of care and protection is the Child Welfare Committee which constitutes a Chairperson and four other members, one of whom atleast should be a woman. Chapter IV of this Module would focus in detail about Children in need of care and protection and the functioning of the CWC in rehabilitation and disposition of cases c. Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is the competent authority to deal with children in conflict with law which comprises of three members. The Chairperson of the Board should be a First Class Judicial Magistrate and two honorary social workers out of whom atleast one should be a woman. Special provisions for children in conflict with law and the responsibilities of the Board are discussed in detail in Chapter III of this Module. 2. The Act provides for the establishment of various kinds of Institutions such as Children’s Home for the reception of child in need of care and protection. Special Homes for the reception of child in conflict with law Observation Homes which are meant for the temporary reception of children during the pendency of any inquiry. After-care Organizations which are meant for the purpose of taking care of children after they have been discharged from Children’s Home or Special Homes. 3. A few sections in the Act (Sec 23 – 26) are focused on the offences committed by anyone against a child such as assault, causing mental or physical suffering and employment of a child which are considered as non bailable offences. iii. Rules under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (56 of 2000) and the Amendment Act 33 of 2006): The Ministry of Women and Child Development at New Delhi, the 26th day of October, 2007 notified the Model Rules under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 and the Amendment Act 2006 to be administered by the States for better implementation and administration of the provisions of the Act in its true spirit and substance. These rules called the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007 has come into force on the date of its publication in the Official Gazette and these Rules will be conformed to until the concerned State Government formulates Rules specific for the State with effect to implementation of the JJ Act. The Act in Section 68 prescribes various areas wherein the Rules can be applied to for better implementation of the Act, specifically with management of the homes, standards to be adhered to, roles and responsibilities of the JJ functionaries, procedures and functioning of the competent authorities, rehabilitation mechanism and operation of JJ Fund. It is recommended that the Act is implemented in line with the Rules to promote better understanding of the Act in order to benefit the children who come in contact with the JJ System.

Hemingway’s exploration of loneliness… Essay Example for Free

Hemingway’s exploration of loneliness†¦ Essay Ernest Hemingway is known for his surprisingly brief and ‘quiet’ short stories that tackle numerous topics through different approaches. In his stories, â€Å"Cat in the Rain† and â€Å"A Clean and Well-lighted place† Hemingway tackles the issue of loneliness. In both of these stories the theme of loneliness is not directly addressed, instead a subtle and discreet amount of symbolism is used to imply the theme while allowing the reader critical thought which is important in appreciating either of these stories. In â€Å"A Clean and well-lighted Place† Hemingway skimps on the characters and focuses on the parallel symbols between the client in the cafe and the waiters to approach the theme of loneliness. In this story, a young waiter who is in a hurry to close the cafe converses with an older waiter who is more considerate in understanding why a deaf old man prefers to stay late in the cafe drinking brandy. In this story, Hemingway presents three faces of loneliness, the first being symbolized by the deaf, brandy-drinking, old man. In the story, the old man attempts to kill himself prior to his appearance in the cafe, hence, the discussion between the waiters in the lines, â€Å"Last week he tried to commit suicide, one waiter said. †Why? He was in despair. † (Hemingway) The waiters, in their conversation, also mention that the old man is very wealthy and lives with only with his niece; later, they also get into talking about the old man’s wife and his family. (Hemingway) From these implied characterizations, the old man is experiencing loneliness because he has nobody left in his life except his niece, and the mere fact that he is living with his niece also possibly implies that he had no children or his children had left him already. The most potent indicator of loneliness for this old man is the fact that he stays up very late drinking brandy; which Hemingway then contrasts with the young waiter who is in a hurry to go home because he had a wife waiting for him, and who claims that, he has confidence and that he is all confidence. (Hemingway) With these, Hemingway implies that the young fellow was experiencing a loneliness that was normal for his age – the loneliness of fulfillment; that although he had almost everything, a job, a wife, and his youth, he was not yet fulfilled. Finally, the third approach that Hemingway employed was to present loneliness as a tie that binds all lonely people together. In the story, one will notice that the older waiter is quite considerate of the old deaf man, hence, the lines, â€Å"Why didnt you let him stay and drink? the unhurried waiter asked. † (Hemingway) The reason for this consideration comes at the end of the story when the older waiter, after work, goes to a bar for lack of a cleaner and brighter place to go to, and spends the rest of the time drinking brandy as well, because he claims he has insomnia; but in fact, he too is lonely which explains why he had sympathized with the old deaf man. In â€Å"Cat in the Rain† Hemingway brings out another kind of loneliness known to many as domestic loneliness, or the anonymity between the wife and the husband. Here, in this story, Hemingway uses the cat in the rain to symbolize the desire of the female character to have a child of her own to which her husband seems indifferent. The woman sees a cat in the rain, by the ledge of their hotel window and remarks, â€Å"Im. going down and get that kitty,† (Hemingway); to this, the husband merely, â€Å"went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed. † (Hemingway) after being refused by his wife on his offer to go out and get the cat himself. Here now, one notices the indifference of the husband. The loneliness of the wife is implied in the fact that normally, when a husband and a wife are in a room together, nothing else exists, but since the wife saw the kitten, then she was looking out of the window which illustrate that she was in deep thought to have noticed something other than her husband. In a way, the wife is lonely because she is dissatisfied with her married life – this is clear in the scene after she is unable to retrieve the cat and she goes back to the room. (Hemingway) While sitting in front of the mirror she blurts out many things such as wanting her hair long to which her husband seems unabashed. The matter of loneliness is even compounded when after wanting her hair long, the wife enumerates a number of other things that she wants, to include, â€Å"I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back, I want to have a kitty to sit on my, I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and she goes on and on until the husband is annoyed and tells her to shut up. Here, Hemingway uses the material desires of the woman to symbolize the depth of her loneliness with her husband; that her husband was not giving her enough attention, so she wanted many other things to compensate for this lack. Despite the very short executions of these two stories, Hemingway was able to get his message across. The distinct and unique feature of both of these stories is the subtlety in the way the author delivers and conveys the message and the expanded use of symbols to discreetly convey the central thematic of loneliness. References Hemingway, E. (2000). Cat in the Rain. Retrieved July 24, 2010, from http://www. my-forum. org/_79008/Ernest_Hemingway__Cat_in_the_Rain_151745. html Hemingway, E. (2001). A Clean and Well-lighted Place. Retrieved July 24, 2010, from http://www. mrbauld. com/hemclean. html

Achievements of the EU

Achievements of the EU Mao Julin Hay Jean Leang Pisey Kim Chansreynich Hao Kanhamonisopea Bun Kimsour European Union (EU) is a union formed by mainly European countries, which is established in term of economy and politics. Its origin is European Community that formally created in November 1, 1993 which involves with 6 members-Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and Netherland. Nowadays, there are 28 members. EU’s headquarter is located in Brussels, Belgium. So far, European Union has reached many achievements such as the promotion and expansion of cooperation with its Member States in economic, trade, social issues, foreign policy, security, defense, and judicial issues. Another major accomplishment of EU is the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) that makes EU succeed in having a single currency (EURO) along with a common monetary policy. EU is famous for its economy on which many countries around the world are being focused. Economic integration is one of the main goals that EU has considered since its first establishment in 1957, and it has a significantly visible success based on fundamentally by a single currency-the Euro. It is a common currency in the circle of euro area that recently can facilitate the monetary circulation in 18 countries of the member states. Interestingly, its achievement of becoming the second largest currency of the world after dollars has pushed the European community’s economy to flourish further. Euro contributes to maintain the stability and prospect of economic society climate, which attract more investment and international or regional trade through the convenient calculation without involving with the foreign exchange rate. The common monetary policy has been adopted in order to acquire greater achievement, common objective and ensure benefits of all euro area states that use euro as their currency. In addition, cross-border trade and investment are the ultimate goal of Euro zone countries. EU removed trade barriers in order to facilitate the flow of goods and services, which can fill in each other’s gap between the Member States. The common purpose is to increase competition and take away all restriction obstacles of the free movement of goods in the Common Market so that they can accelerate the economic development. The mobility of products, goods and capital facilitate human consumption within the region. Moreover, the free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchase and buying of shares between countries. All intra-EU transfers in euro are considered as domestic payments and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs. Another EU achievement is a so-called Custom Union, which was established in an attempt to adopt the common arrangement for imports from other countries based on common external tariff, provides to all members. This effort is made to develop the world trade and facilitate trade beyond border from all countries around the world. What is more important about its achievements is to establish a society with the same rule for different nationalities; for example, people from each country in the name as membership of EU can possibly travel and move freely to settle down, work, retire, or vote, either permanently or temporarily, without any discrimination. For students who want to experience cross-border education. Thousands of students from EU citizen can get a common standard of education simultaneously experience intercultural understanding and good condition of living and studying in other European member states annually. Due to common passport creation, it has been granted to EU people in order to be indicated as EU citizen and move freely. Along with its accomplishment in term of economy, EU is most recognized because of its fame related to regional stability. It is proved that EU is a confederation organization, which is created on behalf of the promotion of stability and peace within the whole region. As many wars and conflicts have happened across the world year-on-year, EU has been seeking to promote tranquility. Simultaneously, EU has sided human rights, democracy, and law promotion. Crucially, EU has been concentrated on the right of children, women, minorities, and displaced people, and it seeks to abolish death penalty, torture, racism and discrimination in any other cases. In the meantime, EU has struggled to promote justice to be widespread in the whole area by giving all citizens in all 28 members with fair jurisdiction. The European security and Defense was established in order to promote peace, prevent conflict and ensure security externally and internally. It also has the ability to take action in peaceke eping mission to pursue peace in the world scale. It has reinforced its external security by fighting against any terrorism. For instance, in the autumn of 2001, the European Council agreed on a common definition of terrorism, an EU-wide search and arrest warrant, and a common list of suspected terrorist organizations. The European police co-operation agency, Europol, was given a dedicated anti- terrorism unit and there was increased sharing of intelligence by national agencies. Common standard for the retention of communication data will make it harder for terrorists to communicate easily in the EU. EU has been trying to enhance the quality of food rather than expanse the quantity, they simply makes sure that their foods and farming products in European market is what their consumers need- healthy nutritious and affordable price. By doing this, EU has decided to create CAP (Common Agriculture Policy) which was launched in 1960s, and it is being cooperated with all the Member States of European Union. Its purpose is to set the conditions that will allow farmers to fulfill their multiple functions in the society — the first of which is to produce quality food. Additionally, the CPA aims to improve agricultural productivity, help farmers facing climate change, provide them with financial assistance and manage the using of natural resources prudently. For this reason, EU farmers can make a reasonable living and in the same time conserve the environment. Meanwhile, the EU is also working on the environment by choosing the method of recycling â€Å"tri-selectifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ or â€Å"waste sorting† which is really practical among the European states. Waste Sorting is the process which waste is separated into different elements- dry and wet. The 3R that consists in â€Å"waste sorting† are Recycling, Reusing and Repairing. To protect the environment, EU chooses to ratify this regulation everywhere in Europe, so far all the acts, which oppose to the rule of waste sorting, will be counted as penalty. Moreover, the use of plastic bag is prohibited in the large commercial area such as supermarkets or hypermarkets. They’ve been working on the environment for many decades by safeguarding water, air and soil. In brief, we can see that EU has fulfilled many accomplishments. Even though EU has met some futilities such as failure of Kyoto and European Energy Policy, it’s still considered as the first successful integration community in the world. Recently, ASEAN community, which is going to have an economic integration in 2015, is looking at EU as a good model and trying to be as successful as possible.

The Early Book of Acts Essay -- Acts Five Bible Religion Christianity

The Early Book of Acts The early book of Acts delivers a message that blessings from the Lord are exceedingly abundant. We are shown that prosperity and blessings were bestowed upon believers that were eager to give unselfish sacrifice to God, but only when done so with an honest heart. When the offerings were tainted with deceit, the blessings turn to curses and the prosperity was vanquished by famine and death. An example of such a case is represented in the story of Ananias and Sapphira. And Joseph, a Levite of Cyprian birth, who was also called Barnabas by the apostles, translated means â€Å"Son of Encouragement†, sold a field which belonged to him, and brought the sum of money and laid it at the feet of the apostles, (Acts 4:36-37) was a man filled with the Holy Spirit. For he was a good man, and full of the Holy Spirit and of faith (Acts 11:24). Then there was Ananias, whose heart was filled with Satan. But Peter said, â€Å"Ananias, why has Satan filled you heart to lie to the Holy Spirit, and to keep back some of the price of the land† (Acts 5:3). Here we have two sides of a spectrum. One was utterly truthful, while the other a liar. There offerings show us the differences in counter pointed faith and unbelief, selflessness and selfishness, goodness and deceitfulness, sacrifice and sacrilege, trust in God and the worship of self, total commitment and supported hypocrisy. Even when grace was offered the selfishness of man prevailed and the conseque nces were severe. Discussion However, there are major problems and concerns that we can question concerning the nature of Ananias’ sin. Ask yourself what if Ananias had just said: â€Å"Here is where we would like to be, with Barnabas’ kind of trust and generosity, but we find that we are not there yet. All we can do for now is give part of the proceeds. May the Church of the Holy Spirit help us grow toward what we would like to Become?† Then there would have been healing, nurture, and grace mediated through other believers in the caring fellowship. But instead there was deceit and death. Ananias and Sapphira were ordinary people who wanted to flaunt a spiritual beauty they didn’t possess. Then again, what sins might have we committed if we were sure we’d never be found out? If people carried out some of the evils they plan or dream about, all of mankind would be in jail for life. But the sin of Ana... ...me out best in every comparison, but they seem to only come out best in there own eyes. On the other hand, the essence of grace is acceptance. It’s an acceptance by God, of others, and most importantly of us. Grace is love before worth and it creates a worth in another rather than responding to worth in others. We therefore can conclude that grace abounds were sin abounds. While the church is a society of people on the receiving end of God’s grace, it’s the communal balance of excellence were we accept others fully on the same basis as God has accepted us. Wherefore, accept one another, just as Christ also accepted us to the glory of God (Romans 15:7). While God’s grace is offered, anyone with honesty can accept this offer. Acceptance is solely on the basis of grace; not law, not doctrine, not sacramental observation, but God’s grace alone. Works Cited: The Holy Bible, New American Standard Version. La Habra, California: THE LOCKMAN FOUNDATION. 1984. Luke 10:17, Acts 4:32-35. , Acts 5:1-8, Acts 11:24, Romans 15:7 The Bible, New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1984. Luke 10:17, Acts 4:32-35. , Acts 5:1-8, Acts 11:24, Romans 15:7

Walter Dean Myers’ Monster - Guilty Until Proven Innocent Essay

Walter Dean Myers’ Monster - Guilty Until Proven Innocent Monster is an example of what Patty Campbell would call a â€Å"landmark book.† Texts such as these â€Å"encourage readers to interact with the text and with one another by employing a variety of devices, among them ambiguity† (Campbell 1) Because it is told through the eyes of Steve himself, the plot can be difficult to decipher. It is ambiguous whether he is innocent or guilty of being involved with the crime. Steve learned to make things unpredictable from his film teacher Mr. Sawicki who teaches him, â€Å"If you make your film predictable, they’ll make up their minds about it long before it’s over† (19). Steve took his teacher’s advice and made this film script entirely unpredictable, even after it is over. His lawyer, O’Brien, says in her closing statement, â€Å"What can we trace as to the guilt or innocence of my client, Steve Harmon?† (245) This leaves the jury with an undoubtedly difficult decision, as well as the rea der, because there are clues to both guilt and innocence in Steve’s case. What we do know is that many people think Steve is guilty. One of the guards describes the case, â€Å"Six days – maybe seven. It’s a motion case. They go through the motions; then they lock them up† (14). The judicial system has many flaws, one of which being that they assume guilt before proof when it comes to people like Steve. The phrase â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† does not apply to cases like his. As prosecutor Petrocelli states in reference to people like Steve, â€Å"There are also monsters in our communities – people who are willing to steal and to kill, people who disregard the rights of others† (21). O’Brien succinctly sums this up for Steve, â€Å"You’re young, you’re Black, and you’re on ... ... to jail. He moved away, and the distance between us seemed to grow bigger and bigger† (280). The reader is left pondering the good character of Steve, the bad friends he spent time with, the doctoring of his testimony, and the information that Steve provided us hinting both at his guilt and at his innocence. We are comfortable with the fact that he has been let free, but has been warned. If he were involved in the crime, at least he may have learned his lesson through his time in prison and on trial. If he were not involved in the crime, at least he is free to start over and move on from the experience. Works Cited Campbell, Patty. â€Å"Radical Monster.† The Horn Book Magazine. Boston: Nov/Dec 1999. Vol. 75, Iss. 6; pg. 769. Dean Myers, Walter. Monster. New York: Harper Tempest, 1999. Kus, Jonathan. â€Å"Monster: A critical look from the outside.† April 13, 2004.

Norman Maclean’s Young Men and Fire Essay -- Young Men

Norman Maclean’s Young Men and Fire â€Å"I now feel brave enough to venture forth and bear earth’s torments and its joys, to grapple with the hurricane.† (Faust, lines 464-66) Have the gates of death been opened unto thee? Or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death? Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? . . . Declare if thou knowest it all. (Job 38:17,18) Human beings are prideful creatures, and we have good reason to be. We have subdued a planet, changed the course of rivers, watered deserts, written poetry to make angels cry, and wrapped the world in a network of electric impulses and digital displays. We have created and killed not one but many gods. We can make a cloud rain by shooting heavy metal into it, and we can create a lake by pouring concrete in a canyon and damming a river. Most days, it seems that we human beings have everything under control and that if we miss wild nature, well, we can grow it in our gardens. (We can even genetically engineer the plants and animals.) Every so often, however, the universe spins out of our control. Forest fires rage. The earth quakes. Chaos descends like a great modern Zeus hurling thunderbolts and reminding us that nature is not ours to manipulate. In a great universe shaped by raw power and force, human beings are only small, easily crushed, organic structures. We need the remi nder. Chaos and destruction are nature’s great gift to human kind because the realization of our frailty and insignificance leads to enlightenment. We learn something about ourselves, how we are here, where we want to go, and what we have to say about it. Chaos spoke to Darwin in the shaking of the earth: A bad earth quake at once destroys the oldest associati... ...pe of bringing a frightening force of nature under control. Science, too, is a method of telling a story about nature. In the struggle to make sense of the raging universe, we sometimes discover art, an art purged of all pretense by the extreme elements of which it was born. When all is said and done, the disaster that brings us death also brings us an opportunity to find hope and compassion, and a chance to transcend our own blindness and limitations and find peace. Works Cited Darwin, Charles. Voyage of the Beagle. New York: Penguin Books, 1989. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. Scientific Studies. New York: Suhrkamp, 1988. —. Faust. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday, 1990. Maclean, Norman. Young Men and Fire. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992. Pope, Alexander. â€Å"Essay on Man.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 1960.

Internet communications †website analysis Essay

This logo, when clicked on takes the user to the Brunel Website: www. brunel. ac. uk. This logo appears on every page of this website, so that the user can at any stage during their visit to this website go back to the University website. This logo is part of the main template that I created to make this website. I based the colours in the website on the colours used in the logo so that there is a connection to the University website and the Business Management website as well. This is important as this, in real life would be linked to these websites. In this page, the first page the user is confronted with, the title of this web page helps them to distinguish the university. The title of each page is at the top of the page, alongside the university logo, therefore, each page has a different title. However, on each page the title is in the same place so that it is easy for the user to use. These pictures add some colour to the page, and give an overall graphical summary to what the module is all about, the Internet. Here, I also chose pictures, which roughly match the same colours of the Brunel Logo. This page provides information to the user about the course layout itself. The content of this page is useful to a user that wants to know what they will be studying in this module. It shows the aims of the module, how the course will be assessed, the teaching hours, the lecture plan (what each week of lectures will be based on), links to the coursework page, books and references that may be of help to a student studying this module, and contact information of staff that may be able to help students or users who have enquiries about this module.

Hamlets Character is contradictory&quot Essay

Shakespeare gives Hamlet a very indecisive character in this play. This in turn leads to Hamlet becoming contradictive, more and more so throughout the play. His main problem is that he is more of a ‘thinker’ than a ‘doer’. This causes him many problems throughout the whole play. The first example we get of this comes in Hamlets first soliloquy. Here we find out what Hamlet truly feels about the situation he finds himself in after his fathers death. After initially seeming to be willing to go along with Claudius’s and his mother’s marriage here we find out how he truly feels. He expresses his disgust at the hastiness from which his Mother has married to Claudius so soon after his fathers death. He also expresses how devastated he is at the death of his father and Claudius taking the crown, which Hamlet believes should rightfully be his. Hamlet once again shows this when he goes with his Fathers ghost. He comes back from this encounter determined to take revenge on Claudius but then passes up many chances to do so in order to make sure that the ghost is telling the truth. Hamlet continues this throughout the play and ironically this leads to him doing exactly the opposite of what the ghost wants by hurting his Mother and not taking revenge on Claudius when he has many chances to. Another appearance of Hamlets contradiction appears in his first soliloquy when he is very damning towards women: â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman! † This contradicts with his apparent infatuation with his mother, and especially with her sexual behaviour. Hamlets contradictory character is also reflected in the many mood swings he has during the play. He constantly changes his mood one minute appearing relatively happy, the next he is at his sadistic worse cruelly teasing others with his wordplay. The worst of this comes when he is talking to Ophelia in Act 3 Scene 1, where nearly everything he says to her has a sexual double meaning. Here Hamlet has realised that he is being spied on and intend to have some fun at Ophelia’s expense as he feels that she has been used as a spy whereas in reality she knows nothing of the situation. Hamlets character however can not just be described as contradictory, it id far too complex for that. Hamlet could also be described as erudite, ingenious and quick-minded for the way he took advantage of the players arriving and setting up the play â€Å"Murder of Gonzago† in order to test the Kings guilty conscience and find out if he really did kills Old Hamlet. Hamlet is also regarded as pessimistic, over – dramatic, angry, desperate and frustrated for his outlook on life and human nature and the way he feels about being denied the chance to become king after his father’s death. Many people also feel that Hamlet is obsessive; this is shown with his fixation with his mother’s sexuality and is once again brought into light by Ophelia revealing all of the love letters that Hamlet has sent to her in the past. All in all I believe that whilst contradiction is one of Hamlets main characteristics, his character is too broad for it to be described as any one thing.

Evil in the Environment Essay

John Locke is a philosopher known for introducing various significant concepts to different fields of studies. His work encompasses the fields of psychology, political science, and philosophy. One of his main contributions is his assertion that the human mind is completely empirical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This principle would lead one to believe that every human being is born into this world having the same capacity. All human minds are empty slates (tabula rasa) when one is just born. (Hooker, 1999) Behavior is acquired through the various empirical experiences that a human being undergoes. Moral behavior stems from an individual’s empirical experiences. (Hooker, 1999) As such, it can be assumed that all immoral behavior or all â€Å"evil† is the product of the environment rather than individual. (Hooker, 1999) Such line of reasoning will lead us to assume that evil from the environment can be eradicated by a simple change in human thinking and behavior. This is known as the third â€Å"premise† of the enlightenment thinkers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said premise remains to be significant in today’s time and age. For one, it helps people today realize that the evil that pervades in society today can be erased by humans themselves. Moreover, it teaches society that there is still hope for a better world and the fulfillment of such dreams lies in the reformation of human beings and society itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary effect of such premise on society is that it gives the responsibility for the evil in the world on the shoulders of people. Fingers cannot be pointed to the heavens or to other creatures to blame them for the evil that continues to exist in the world. Rather, the premise asserts that the evil in the world is the product of human misbehavior. Human wrong doing has created the immorality that exists in the world today. However, the most important lesson that Locke’s principle teaches us today is that just as the responsibility for the evil in the world lies in our hands, so does the responsibility to change and eradicate such evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many ways by which humans can reform and change their environment. Locke had asserted that education is the primary way by which the moral and intellectual character of the human being can be changed for the better. (Hooker, 1999) Such assertion remains to be significant in today’s society. What the premise tells us is that education is even more valuable today for it is the way by which the world can be made better. Education exists not simply for the betterment of the individual’s own life. It is not for the sole purpose of helping someone find a better job, a better way of life. Education’s primary purpose is to help every human being to determine how he can help make the world a better place. It is through education that society can reform its ways and help remove evil from the environment. Thus, the role of education is society is exemplified by the third â€Å"premise.† The role of education becomes ever more important and significant basing on what has been stated in the premise. The future of today’s society lies in the hands of human beings. The betterment of the world and the eradication of evil are the responsibilities of all human beings. Just as they can create evil, they can erase them. Reformation of one’s ways is the manner by which evil in our â€Å"faulty environment† can be obliterated. Works Cited: Hooker, Richard. Seventeenth Century Enlightenment Thought. 1999. World Civilizations. 12 Dec. 2006 from: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTM.

Crash Character Analysis Essay

Officer Tommy Hansen, a Los Angeles police officer who, after observing his partner Officer John Ryan pull over Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer and sexually molests Christine, requests a change of partner. He ultimately reveals his own insecurities with other races through his treatment of Peter Waters. We later see Tommy walking away from his burning car wearing a pair of latex gloves, thus concealing his involvement in the shooting. Officer John Ryan, a prejudiced white police officer who molests Cameron’s wife, Christine, under the pretense of searching for a weapon. Ryan is trying to get help for his father, who has been misdiagnosed with a bladder infection. His anger manifests in prejudice, which stems from the destructive impact that local affirmative action policies had on his father’s business. He later saves Christine from a burning car when he had the perfect opportunity to ensure that he left the burning car alive, which leaves Christine stunned. Cameron Thayer, a black television director. He witnesses Officer Ryan molesting his wife and later realizes that the producers of his television show propagate racist stereotypes about black people. At the scene of Hansen’s burning car (to eliminate evidence of a murder), he is able to find contentment and reconnects with his wife. Christine Thayer, Cameron’s wife. She is molested by Ryan and becomes furious with her husband because he didn’t defend her. The two insult each other over their upbringings–as both Cameron and Christine have grown up in more privileged environments than many other African Americans. The next day she is trapped in an overturned car due to a car accident and, by a twist of fate, Officer Ryan is the man who willingly endangers himself to save her life.

Philosophy 3330 interpretive essay final Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy 3330 interpretive final - Essay Example rgument — often called the cogito argument in reference to Descartes’ most-quoted catchphrase the Latin cogito; ergo sum, or â€Å"I think; therefore I am† — to explain the rise of capitalism in Protestant society is perhaps one of the more interesting takes on Cartesian theory. Weber argues that instead of using Descartes’ notion of self simply as a philosophical proof of individual being, Protestants transformed the concept into â€Å"an ethical reinterpretation† (Weber 80), using it as the basis for a life of contemplation: In other words, Weber argues that Protestants seized on the idea of self-knowledge as a sort of manifesto, not a proof existence but a responsibility of existence. So far, so good, but where does the connection to capitalism come in? How does it relate to the notion of an inner life? What does it have to do with the notion of intellectual responsibility? â€Å"The name of Weber makes it clear that we cannot begin to sense the real ideological function of religious aestheticism unless we place it within that larger intellectual and ideological preoccupation which is the study and interrogation of value,† wrote Frederic Jameson (124). Or, more simply put, the religious contemplation of the Protestants was both a factor in and a result of their historio-economic status. For Weber, this status follows a predictable trajectory, journeying from the traditional to the rational with a brief, joyous moment of transformation Weber calls â€Å"charisma.† (Weber 96) The Protestant Reformation is an example of a charismatic period in the evolution of Western society, a time in which society was moving from traditional values and ethics toward restructured, rationalized ethics. And economic success was an important part of these metamorphosing ethics. Part of this emerges from what Weber sees as the Protestant notion of â€Å"craft ,† or pride in workmanship. The idea of a â€Å"calling† for a career path was no longer restricted to men and women of

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Strategic management - Case Study Example Every business in the ring fenced so that lenders have no rights to any other assets. Virgin evolved from private companies to a group where some companies are listed. I believe that inspite of the fact that The Virgin Group appears to have numerous organizations in as numerous distinctive fields, there are presumably some vital connections between the specialty units. With these key connections Virgin can attain a few advantages, for instance, economies of scale when purchasing supplies or with their logistics, more control over the business, access to more purchaser data over a few related organizations or by making it less demanding for the corporate guardian to comprehend and deal with every vital specialty unit on the off chance that they are all in comparable fields. (Keller, Parameswaran & Jacob, 2011).   However, overall Virgin takes pace after a random broadening method. This implies that The Virgin Group is an association which moves out of its own industry or market and seeks after new open doors wherever they are accessible. It adventures its present capabilities and sets about broadening in ways which can make utilization of these abilities easier and this further may overall be under-utilized. The Virgin Group as an issue guardian values all its organizations. The Virgin Group attains esteem by understanding the systematized markets. The Virgins administration group has made a decent showing in recognizing fulfillment in the business. The administration group aptitude and experience matched to the system permits the organization to offer more for less. The Virgin gathering likewise increased the value of its organizations with the brand name and utilized the brand name to overcome hindrances. The Virgin brand name is a shoppers supporter and as noticed before the brand is highly regarded with the British. The Virgin Group as a corporate parent additionally assists with restricting the dangers for alternate organizations

San Francisco estuary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

San Francisco estuary - Essay Example Therefore, the bay is very important to the people since it also contains marshes and mudflats that act as a source of food to fish in the area(Edmund,  2012). Therefore, this makes fishing a key economic activity in the area. The estuary has been found to support over a hundred species of fish that inhabit both the salty and fresh water. Apart from fish, the estuary also supports wildlife such as birds. Therefore, the estuary indeed contributes significantly to human welfare around the area. However, with time different human activities have posed a key threat to the bay. This is due to the negative effects that industrial, agricultural and mining activities have on the organisms that have inhabited the estuary. In addition, both birds and fish have been forced to migrate due to destruction of 80% of its marshes. Therefore, indeed different ways of restoring the estuary need to be developed (Edmund,  2012). The population of growth rate of San Francisco was reported to be very h igh after the population number clocked 825, 900 people in 2012 census. The number of children born each year keeps on increasing and yet, the corresponding death rate remains very low. Therefore, with this high population growth, the number of persons demanding food also keeps on increasing each year. ... Destruction of the wetlands affects the overall balance of the ecosystem since; it affects the flora and fauna in the estuary. Different food chains also become broken since; degradation of the wetlands also forces some birds and mammals to migrate the area (San Francisco Bay Joint Venture, 2001). Dredging is also an issue that has been raised by the increasing population (Cohen & Laws, 2012). Dredging leads to increased dumping of the dredged sediments thus, causes pollution of the estuary. Increased industrial activity also causes increased level of pollutants from the industrial wastes. Pollution has been found to be a key problem to the estuary since the year 1879. For instance, mining activities bring a large number of pollutants such as mercury to the estuary. Urban runoff is also a key source of pollution to the estuary. This is because; it carries with it chemicals and metals washed from the streets. On the other hand, petroleum products also enter the estuary through spillag e from motor vehicle engines and other accidental spills such as from boats and ships. Pesticides used in agriculturemay also be washed to the water thus contributing to the pollution (Cohen & Laws, 2012). On the other hand, some of the pesticides used to control weeds in the water may also pollute the estuary despite being helpful. Therefore, it is indeed essential that the authorities focus on controlling pollution since; it has many detrimental effects on the bay. Human behavior indeed increases the habitat fracture because; most of the reasons leading to the fracture arise from human activities (Edmund,  2012). For instance, mining, agriculture, construction and industrial activities are all activities that are caused by humans. Therefore,

Global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global economy - Essay Example Nevertheless, the end of 2010 was marked with the U.S.’s decision to throw additional money into the domestic economy, to encourage economic growth and slow down the economic downturn. Controversial and radical, the decision to apply to quantitative easing became one of the most actively discussed issues in economics. That quantitative easing has far-reaching implications for the domestic and global economy cannot be denied, but its role in the development and expansion of the positive economic growth is yet to be defined. At the end of 2010, the Central Bank of America announced its decision to pump up additional $600bn into the domestic economy (Elliott & Inman 2010). The decision to use quantitative easing mechanisms was justified by the failure of the American federal authorities and the Fed to accelerate economic growth, encourage lending, and reduce unemployment (Elliott & Inman 2010). It should be noted, that the past recession became the worst economic downturn in Amer ica and the rest of the world since the Great Depression (Elliott & Inman 2010). As a result, traditional instruments of economic recovery failed to improve the situation. Quantitative decision for the U.S. was similar to the instrument of last resort, when there is nothing else the Fed can do to alleviate the burden of economic problems within the country. As part of its strategy, the Fed would purchase long-term Treasury bills every month, until the middle of the year, totaling to $75bn (Elliott & Inman 2010). The United States claims that quantitative easing is simply inevitable, when the state wants to preserve â€Å"ultra-low† interest rates for an extended period, thus keeping the amount of the borrowing costs unchanged for at least two years (Elliott & Inman 2010). The principal intentions of quantitative easing are but positive. The reality, however, is not as bright as economic theory tries to create it. Even if quantitative easing has a potential to support relative stability in the U.S., it may have damaging and even fracturing effects on the global economy. It should be noted, that economic theory treats quantitative easing as â€Å"the central bank’s asset purchases that are designed to inject money directly into the economy to raise asset prices, boost spending and so keep inflation on track to meet the 2% target† (Ganley 2010). The most probable sources of additional assets for the Central Bank include â€Å"insurance companies, banks and non-financial institutions, pension funds and firms† (Ganley 2010). Such injections directly into the economy are justified by the rapid contractions in the amount of spending that follow global financial crises (Ganley 2010). More often than not, quantitative easing is used to stop price deflation and encourage real output (Ganley 2010). The history of quantitative easing dates back to the beginning of the 1990s, when Japan found itself in the midst of a deep economic and financial crisis (Kurihara 2006). â€Å"The development and implementation of the zero interest policy had to encourage economic recovery but did not produce any real effect on the economic development in the country† (Kurihara 2006). Quantitative easing was introduced to initiate long-term economic growth in Japan. Unfortunately, and after so many years of economic recovery and growth in Japan, whether quantitative easi

Human Trafficking and Sex Tourism in Latin America Essay

Human Trafficking and Sex Tourism in Latin America - Essay Example Brazil is one of the countries in the Latin America mentioned in many international reports to have experienced blossoming sex tourism and human trafficking. The tremendous development of sex tourism and human trafficking in Brazil attributes to various historical, political, economic and social factors. Currently, serious cases of children involvement in commercial sex have gained an upward gradient as many of the participants are under-educated or totally illiterate. Evolution of the Menace According to Hannum, sex tourism in Latin America evolved as a result of increased demand for sex among the wealthy Europeans who travelled to Latin America to obtain cheap sex from the regional women. The evolution of sex tourism in the Latin American countries also relates to the establishment of military bases of foreign armies in those regions. The British armies are held as major participants in the evolution sex tourism in the Latin America. In the views of Hannum, governments of the Latin American countries like Brazil resolved to support tourism in their specific countries as this was one of the ways to generate massive revenues. Promotion of tourism in these areas coupled with the increase in number of commercial sex workers desperate for the foreign European currencies. Sex tourism as per the current statistics has grown to a multibillion dollar industry in Brazil. However, most of the revenues gathered from the sector do reach the government in either ways (Hannum). The industry encompasses women, males and international clients who either come to obtain sex or to sell their sex to respective consumers. Current Status, Trends and Predisposing Factors Hannun in reference to the reports of End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Child Trafficking (ECPAT), estimates that child sex tourism in Brazil rose to 500,000 in the year 1994. This is number is exceptional to Brazil alone without putting into count similar cases in other Latin American countries. Hannun reports that research conducted by the Predo Foundation averred that most incidents of prostitution among children in the larger Latin America correlate to regional incapability to care for its population. Reports indicate that most children resort to prostitution as an alternative way to earning a living. In addition, most of the children engaged in prostitution in the Latin American countries, specifically Brazil are victims of civil conflicts who faced abusive families. Hannum further demonstrates that increase in child sex tourism in Brazil links to the growing dislike of the old sex workers feared to have infections of sexually transmitted disease. Moreover, Hannun confirms that child sex tourism in Brazil and entire Latin America is factored by sex clients’ feeling of freedom from their social cultural rules that restrict the practice. The rigorous growth of child sex tourism in Brazil also relates to the increased media advertisements of jobs that lure desperate childr en to apply for such rare vacancies in their respective countries (Hannum). Advertisements of luxurious free travel have also been one of the ways used by dealers in the sex tourism industry to hunt for children and other sex tourism practitioners. Increase in sex tourism in Brazil also links to the wide internet advertisement of sexual pictures that trigger the urge for sex among the

Integrity from Kings and Carters views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrity from Kings and Carters views - Essay Example The Letter from Birmingham Jail written by Martin Luther King Jr. appears to be the very fabric of Stephen Carter’s three steps to integrity articulated in the book Integrity. Of course, this does not imply that Carter mainly uses King as his guiding principle in formulating his definition of integrity; probably King is one of the many people with genuine integrity that Carter viewed in order for him to establish the three steps to integrity. It is uncertain, nevertheless, if King would agree to Carter’s three steps, particularly the third step. There are problems inherent in Carter’s â€Å"saying openly.† King would generally view or interpret Carter’s integrity based largely from his own life and belief system. Reading King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, the three steps of integrity expounded by Carter appear to be in harmony with King’s thoughts, actions, and expressions. Of the three categories of integrity, King’s integrity through his letter is justified as articulated in Carter’s third step: â€Å"saying openly that you are acting on your understanding of right from wrong† (Carter 7). Carter admits that the third step is the most difficult part of attaining integrity or an integral life. He argues that the present-day American individual will do everything merely for the sake of social acceptance. Conversely, Carter’s integrity requires a person to say openly on the reason for his or her action, even at the expense of personal interest. This is what King did; he expresses openly to a group of people -- namely, the religious clergymen -- about the reason for his action (i.e., peaceable assembly). ... it deeply before he -- together with his brothers and sisters who are black Americans like himself -- went to the streets in expressing his sentiments concerning the prevalence of racism in the country. By and large, King would view or interpret Carter’s definition of integrity based from his contemplative, active, and writing life. In Carter’s view, on the other hand, King’s thoughts, actions, and sayings fit well to his integrity paradigm. In the first step to integrity, Carter explains that an integral life requires the person’s â€Å"discerning what is right and what is wrong† (7). To discern or think about what is good and what is not is a prerequisite for an integral life. With respect to the first step outlined by Carter, King is a contemplative person. He contemplates on the things or ideas that are relevant to his life as a person in general and as an African American in particular. In his letter, it is apparent that King has made several t hinking concerning the existence of racism characterized in segregation. He has cited many and varied experiences, all of them are ugly, of the black community within the white-dominated society. For one thing, King mentions about the signboards and other displays in the grocery stores that contain an anti-black message. The most touching of the numerous examples presented in the letter is when an African American child asks his father why â€Å"white people treat colored people so mean† (King). King has discerned deeply and even philosophically before he takes his action to the streets. In the second step to integrity, Carter states that a person with integrity has to act based from what he or she has discerned, even at â€Å"personal cost† (7). From King’s letter alone, Carter would say that this man is a man of

Unemployment in black america Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Unemployment in black america - Research Paper Example Evidently, it is clear that the employment rates of minority groups are much lower as compared to the employment rate of the white people. Statistics show that black Americans have been particularly affected by this racial bias, as the unemployment rate of these minorities is higher than that of whites and other minorities groups such as American Indians. The consequence of this is that Black Americans continue to wail in poverty while there is notable economic development among the whites. Although educational differences may be the reason for this low employment rate of Black Americans, it is clear that discrimination and ignorance labour laws by organizations are the major reasons for this trend. The issue of unemployment for the Blacks in America has a long history that dates back to the last six decades. In the late 1950s, discrimination was at its highest peak and little had been established to alleviate this discrimination. Discrimination in the employment sector was depicted in various perspectives in the employment sector. First, it was quite hard for a Black American to acquire a job in this region of the world as compared to the whites. Secondly, the Africans were assigned only manual labour that saw them become more of slaves than employees. In terms of wages, they were paid much lower than the whites for similar job positions. For African women, it was rare for them to find a job and only handle domestic chores. The feeling that prevailed is that Black Americans were aliens who did not have equal rights to the whites who were the natives of America. As a result, this minority groups was isolated in the slums and most of them did not afford basic commodities such as food and housing (Nunnally and Niambi 431). The poverty level was very high in the slums where most of the African Americans lived. National statistics conducted in America during this time shows that the unemployment rate in America during this period was double

Assessment item 3 . Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment item 3 . Report - Essay Example For instance, a study conducted among students at Loyola University of Chicago revealed that communication could facilitate a specific target that aims to change or reform something, which in this case was a campaign for social justice. The process involved using communication in order to advance the project, with undergraduate students applying communication theories into practice to facilitate talk and action, which resulted in a campus-wide initiative that spurred dialogue, debate, and consensus building. (Cissna 2009, p497) With the positive outcome of the project, it became clear that the theories that were put into practice successfully achieved the purpose and objectives of the students involved. This may be a very specific or small example, but that it demonstrated the potency of effective and systematic communication at work. Sluijsmans, Dochy and Moerkerke (1999) emphasized that, â€Å"students in modern organizations should be able to analyse information, to improve their problem-solving skills and communication and to reflect on their own role in the learning process.† (p293) II. ... Also, from the students’ end, the interest is also generated out of the desire to please and impress by how well a specific project or report is delivered in front of his or her classmates. One of such students remarked that â€Å"peer assessment is one of the most nerve-wracking class activities because one has to get the approval of not just one individual but a bunch of people.† (Personal Correspondence) Seger, Dochy and Cascallar (2003) succinctly defined peer assessment as the â€Å"arrangement for learners and/or workers to consider and specify the level, value or quality of a product or a performance of other equal-status learners and/or workers.† (p65) A research by Mizoguchi, Dillenbourg and Zhu (2006) on the subject reported that it has become a very popular instructional assessment method as it reached a particular level of reliability and effectiveness because it supposedly â€Å"improve the high-order thinking and learning motivation of students.â⠂¬  (p298) Unarguably, scholars and academics are quite enthusiastic about this learning model, which can be integrated in a number of classroom activities such as in writing, drafting portfolio, presentations, test performance, and even those that involve behaviors, and a number of others. It is safe to say the possibilities are endless to a creative teacher. Specific benefits of peer assessment, from the perspective of students, are as follows: Students learn in a non-threatening and often friendly environment. About 60 percent of students are, according to Irons and Alexander (2004), content to allow averaged final student assessments to be used summatively, but only if these were moderated by the teacher. (p93) There would be more feedback generated for a specific work or task done not just from the